AquaNISInformation system on aquatic non-indigenous and cryptogenic species |
Species | Karlodinium veneficum [WoRMS] | |
Authority | (D.Ballantine) J.Larsen, 2000 | |
Family | Kareniaceae | |
Order | Gymnodiniales | |
Class | Dinophyceae | |
Phylum | Myzozoa | |
Synonym (?) | Gymnodinium veneficum (Ballantine D, 1956) Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater & Dodge, 1966)( Larsen, 2000) Woloszynskia micra (Leadbeater & Dodge, 1966) |
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Sub-species level (?) | Not entered |
Native origin (?) | Not known Comments: Not available. |
Life form / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Adolf, J. E., Bachvaroff, T., Place, A. R. 2008. Can cryptophyte abundance trigger toxic Karlodinium veneficum blooms in eutrophic estuaries?. Harmful Algae, 8(1), pp. 119-128. Comments: Karlodinium veneficum is a common member of temperate, coastal phytoplankton assemblages that occasionally forms blooms associated with fish kills. |
Sociability / Life stage (?) |
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Reproductive frequency (?) | Iteroparous |
Reproductive type (?) | Asexual Sexual References: Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Deng, Y., Tang, Y. Z. 2020. Evidence for resting cyst production in the cosmopolitan toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum and the cyst distribution in the China seas. Harmful Algae, 93, 101788. Comments: The cells of Karlodinium veneficum reproduce asexually through binary fission, but it is suggested that an individual cell will soon die out due to environment around it. Resting cyst is a dormant stage of the dinoflagellate life cycle, which is sexually produced in general and can survive in harsh environmental conditions after being settled in the marine sediment. |
Developmental trait (?) | Resting stages References: Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Deng, Y., Tang, Y. Z. 2020. Evidence for resting cyst production in the cosmopolitan toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum and the cyst distribution in the China seas. Harmful Algae, 93, 101788. Comments: Karlodinium veneficum produces sexual resting cysts homothallically in clonal cultures. |
Characteristic feeding method / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Place, A. R., Bowers, H. A., Bachvaroff, T. R., Adolf, J. E., Deeds, J. R., Sheng, J. 2012. Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite. Harmful Algae, 14, pp. 179-195. Comments: This small (<8–12 μm) athecate phytoplankton, common in coastal aquatic ecosystems, has a mixed nutritional mode, relying on both photosynthesis and phagotrophy for growth (mixotrophy). |
Mobility / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Deng, Y., Tang, Y. Z. 2020. Evidence for resting cyst production in the cosmopolitan toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum and the cyst distribution in the China seas. Harmful Algae, 93, 101788. |
Salinity tolerance range (?) | Exact range: 3 - 29 References: Adolf, J. E., Bachvaroff, T., Place, A. R. 2008. Can cryptophyte abundance trigger toxic Karlodinium veneficum blooms in eutrophic estuaries?. Harmful Algae, 8(1), pp. 119-128. Vidyarathna, N. K., Ahn, S. H., Glibert, P. M. 2023. Thermal niche of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum across different salinity and light levels. Journal of Plankton Research, 45(4), pp. 604-613. Comments: The blooms occur over a range of salinity (3-29) and temperature (7- 28°C), but they are most common at salinities of 7-17 in the middle to upper reaches of the estuary. Cell growth was highest under conditions of 25–28°C, salinity 10–20 and high light, which represented the preferred physical niche for bloom formation in the present day. In the Chesapeake Bay, blooms generally occur at 25–29°C and salinity 10–14, while low-biomass occurrences have been found at salinities 15–29, consistent with the laboratory findings. |
Habitat modifying ability potential (?) | Unknown Comments: Not available. |
Toxicity / Life stage (?) |
References: Adolf, J. E., Bachvaroff, T., Place, A. R. 2008. Can cryptophyte abundance trigger toxic Karlodinium veneficum blooms in eutrophic estuaries?. Harmful Algae, 8(1), pp. 119-128. Comments: This phytoplankton has the capacity to produce harmfull toxins, specifically karlotoxins, which have been associated with detrimental phenomena such as harmful algae blooms. |
Bioaccumulation association (?) | Unknown Comments: Not available. |
Known human health impact? | Known References: Cai, P., He, S., Zhou, C., Place, A. R., Haq, S., Ding, L., ... Yan, X. 2016. Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum (strain GM2) from the East China Sea. Harmful Algae, 58, pp. 66-73. Comments: Although no known human health effects are associated with the organism. With their potent biological activities and sustainable sample supply, they may also serve as new targets for marine drug discovery. |
Known economic impact? | Not known Comments: Not available. |
Known measurable environmental impact? | Known References: Adolf, J. E., Bachvaroff, T. R., Deeds, J. R., Place, A. R. 2015. Ichthyotoxic Karlodinium veneficum (Ballantine) J Larsen in the upper Swan River estuary (Western Australia): ecological conditions leading to a fish kill. Harmful Algae, 48, pp. 83-93. |
Included in the Target Species list? | No References: HELCOM, 2009. Alien Species and Ballast Water [PDF]. Available at: (https://archive.iwlearn.net/helcom.fi/stc/files/shipping/Table_2_Alienspecies_%20lists_2009.pdf) |
Association with vessel vectors (?) | Ballast waters Tank sediments References: Shang, L., Hu, Z., Deng, Y., Liu, Y., Zhai, X., Chai, Z., ... Tang, Y. Z. 2019. Metagenomic sequencing identifies highly diverse assemblages of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments from ships’ ballast tanks. Microorganisms, 7(8), 250. Burkholder, J. M., Hallegraeff, G. M., Melia, G., Cohen, A., Bowers, H. A., Oldach, D. W., ... Mallin, M. A. 2007. Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of US military ships as a function of port of origin, voyage time, and ocean exchange practices. Harmful Algae, 6(4), pp. 486-518. |
Created by | Romualda Chuševė, 2011-11-08 |
Last update by | Sandra Gečaitė, 2024-07-18 |