Date of the first record

The date of the first documented record of the species occurrence in a country/country region.
Date fields usage example:

Date to be specifiedDate FromDate To
Exact 198519851985
18th century17011800
before 1700 1700
after 20012001 

Environmental position

Environment(s) occupied by a species throughout its life cycle.

OPTIONS:

Biofouling. Assemblage of organisms on wetted artificial substrates.

Commensal. An organism in a symbiotic relationship, in which one benefits while the other is not adversely affected.

Demersal. Synonyms: hyperbenthic, benthopelagic, nektobenthic. An organism living at, in or near the bottom of the sea, but having the ability to swim.

Ectoparasite. A parasite living on the surface of its host.

Endoparasite. A parasite living within the organs or tissues of its host.

Epifaunal. Synonym: epibenthic. An animal inhabiting the surface of the seabed, submerged plants and animals.

Epilithic. An organism living on the surface of rock or other hard inorganic substrata.

Epiphytic. An organism living on the surface of a plant, non-parasitic.

Epizoic. An organism living on the surface of an animal, non-parasitic.

Infaunal. Synonym: endobenthic. An animal living within the seabed sediments.

Interstitial. An organism (< 1 mm) living in the spaces between sediment particles.

Lithotomous. An organism burrowing into rock.

Neustonic. An organism living on (epineuston) or under (hyponeuston) the surface film of water bodies.

Pelagic. An organism inhabiting the water column.

Pleustonic. An organism inhabiting the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air.

Habitat type

Estuary. River mouth, transition zone between riverine and marine environments, subject to influences from both.

Lagoon. Shallow, enclosed water body separated from the sea by barrier islands, narrow spit or reefs.

Offshore. Areas located at least 50 nautical miles from the shore.

Open coast. A coast not sheltered from the sea.

Strait/Sound. Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets).

Sheltered coastal area. Coastal area partly surrounded by land (e.g., bay, inlet, fjord).

Ports. A location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbours where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.

Port vicinity. The area near a port where ballast water operations may occur, including areas where vessels may conduct ballast water discharge or uptake operations when approaching a port or leaving it, e.g., port approaches, anchorage areas and designated ballast water exchange areas. The dimension is port specific.

Marina. A specially designed harbour for pleasure craft and small boats.

Aquaculture sites. Areas set out for the purpose of farming aquatic organisms.

Marine Protected Area (MPA). Defined marine area where natural resources are given greater protection than the surrounding waters. Different categories exist depending on the level of protection afforded by legislation.

Migration pattern

Diurnal. Movements between alternative habitats over day and night, e.g. vertical migration.

Life-time. One time migration between different habitats during the life cycle, e.g. anadromus migration.

Not relevant. No evidence of any life history cycle stages to migrate.

Seasonal. Movements between alternative habitats during a specific time of a year (e.g., spawning and feeding migrations).

Pathway / Vector

Pathway

A pathway is the route a NIS takes to enter or spread through a non-native ecosystem e.g. vessels. Each pathway may have a number of vectors.

Vector

A vector is a transfer mechanism and is the physical means by which species are transported from one geographic region to another. More than one vector within a pathway may be involved in a transfer of species.

Pathways and vectors included:
PathwayVector
Aquarium tradeIntentional organism release
Transported water
Waste discharge
Culture activitiesAquaculture equipment
Associated water & packaging material
Intercontinental stock movement
Regional stock movement
Unintentional release & escapees
Leisure activitiesAngling catch
Cultural releases
Live bait
Live souvenirs
Sport equipment
Stocking for angling
Waste discharge
Live food tradeIntentional organism release
Transported water
Waste discharge
ManagementBiological habitat management
Construction equipment
Construction materials
Release for biological control
Natural spread from neighboring countriesOther natural vectors
Water currents
Other canalsCanal de Midi (linking the Bay of Biscay with the Mediterranean Sea)
Kiel Canal (linking the North Sea with the Baltic)
Northern waterway (linking the Baltic with the Ponto-Caspian region through Volga river canal system)
Rhone waterway (linking the North Sea with the Mediterranean)
Southern waterway (linking the North Sea with the Black Sea through Danube river canal system)
Central waterway (linking the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea through the Dnieper river canal system)
Other waterways
Irrigation canals
Research and educationGear movement
Intentional releases
Unintentional release & escapees
Waste discharge
Suez Canal 
VesselsAnchor and anchor chain
Ballast tank sediments
Ballast water
Ship’s hull
Sea chest
Others
Wild fisheriesDiscard of by-catch
Fishing gear
Live bait release
Live packaging material
Processed live material
Stock movements
Transported water

Pathway / Vector – Levels of certainty:
LevelCriteriaExamples
Direct evidenceThe species was actually found associated with the specific vector(s) of a pathway at the time of introduction to a particular locality within a country/country region.Documented evidence of an introduction: release to the wild for stocking or biological control; escape/release of live food; import of cultured species and documented findings of their associate organisms, parasites and diseases on transmission; appearance of organisms by hull fouling, ballast water discharge sampling or other ship vectors documented upon an arrival with appropriate scientific methods.
Very likelyThe species appears for the first time in a locality where a single pathway/vector(s) is known to operate and where there is no other explanation that can be argued for its presence except by this likely pathway/vector(s).A highly localized distribution of a species in an area adjacent to an isolated port or other locality where the only pathway is vessels and its vector(s) (ballast water, hull fouling, etc). This often involves geographically discontinuous distributions. It may be a continuous spread as in case of introduction by canals or by natural means. The conclusion is deduced from the analysis of the invasion event and species distribution patterns.
PossibleThe species cannot be convincingly ascribed to a single pathway, but is known to be introduced by this pathway(s) elsewhere.There may be more than one pathway involved in the introduction within a country/country region. Arrival of a species known to have taken place elsewhere by the same pathway(s) which operates in an area. A conclusion is made by expert judgment based on pathways currently or historically present.
UnknownInvasion of a given alien species cannot be clearly explained.Where no rational explanation for the appearance of a species in a given country/region.

Population status

Population status (the lowest level of certainty):

Unknown. There is no reliable information on population status of a species.
Established. A species is known to form a reproducing population in a wild.
Not established. There is no evidence of a species’ reproducing population in a wild.

Population status (the moderate level of certainty):
Extinct/no recent record. There are old records where a species was recorded but have not been seen in the same region since.
Rare/single record. There are only casual observations or a single record of a species'presence available.
Common. A species with successfully reproducing populations in an open ecosystem, which are unlikely to be eliminated by man or natural causes. Not dominating native communities.
Abundant. A species with successfully reproducing populations in an open ecosystem, which are unlikely to be eliminated by man or natural causes. Locally dominating native communities.
Very abundant. A species with successfully reproducing populations in an open ecosystem, which are unlikely to be eliminated by man or natural causes. Largely dominating native communities.
Outbreak. A species undergoing pulse-like, short-term (days to few months) exponential population growth during which they have an adverse effect on one or more of the following: biological diversity, ecosystem functioning, socio-economic values and human health.

Recipient region

The country/region for which introduction is recorded.

References.



References should follow the standard of Biological invasions:


Journal article
Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Thevenet D, Nourry C, Nottin S, Bosquet L (2009) Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:731-738. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0955-8
Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted:
Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329


Article by DOI


Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med. doi:10.1007/s001090000086


Book
South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London


Book chapter
Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 230-257


Online document
Cartwright J (2007) Big stars have weather too. IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6/16/1. Accessed 26 June 2007


Dissertation
Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California

Reproductive duration

Long. Breeds in one or more discrete periods, each longer than three months.

Medium. Breeds in one or more discrete periods, each longer than a week and less than three months.

Short. Breeds in one or more discrete periods within a week.

Reproductive seasonality

Months for a species known to reproduce in the invaded site.

Salinity range

The exact salinity range if known (psu), else salinity zone(s) according to the Venice system:
1. Limnetic [<0.5psu]
2. β-Oligohaline [0.5-3psu]
3. α-Oligohaline [3-5psu]
4. β-Mesohaline [5-10psu]
5. α-Mesohaline [10-18psu]
6. Polymixohaline [18-30psu]
7. Euhaline [30-40psu]
8. Hypersaline [>40psu]

Source region

The area the species was introduced from to the recipient country/country region. Depending on the information availability may be ascribed to a particular locality (e.g. port), a country, a LME or a larger Ocean region.
CAUTION: in many cases the source area will be not the same as the area of native origin which is defined in the SPECIES block of the database.

Species status

Non-indigenous species. Non-indigenous species (synonyms: alien, exotic, non-native, allochthonous, introduced) are species, subspecies or lower taxa (such as a variety, form) introduced outside of their natural range (past or present) and outside of their natural dispersal potential. This includes any propagule of a NIS, such as a gamete, seed or resting spore, a gravid female or a pair of individuals of different sexes (in sexual reproduction), or a vegetative reproductive organ and section of tissue (in asexual reproduction), which might survive, reproduce and subsequently form a population. It also includes hybrids between an alien species and an indigenous species, fertile polyploid organisms and artificially hybridized species irrespective of their natural range or dispersal potential.

Cryptogenic. Cryptogenic species are such species which cannot be reliably demonstrated as being either introduced or native. In some cases the true origin of a species remains obscure because of either insufficient taxonomic knowledge or due to a lack of records from the time they became introduced, or for other reasons.

Temperature range

Indicate min. and max. annual temperature range in the area where a species is known to maintain an established (reproducing) population.

Wave exposure

Exposed. Open coastline facing prevailing wind and receiving both wind-driven waves and swell.

Semi exposed. Generally open coasts facing away from prevailing winds or sheltered by offshore reefs/structures.

Sheltered. Coasts with a restricted fetch (<20 km) and lacking persistent swell.

Zonation

Ecological zone(s) occupied by a species throughout its life cycle.

Benthic - Bathyal. Synonym: continental slope. The seafloor between the edge of the continental shelf and abyssal plain (200-4000 m).

Benthic - Littoral. Synonym: intertidal. The shore between the high and low water marks.

Benthic - Sublittoral beyond photic zone. Synonym: lower circalittoral. The lower part of the continental shelf, where photosynthesis cannot take place.

Benthic - Sublittoral within photic zone. Synonyms: subtidal, infralittoral. The shallow part of sublittoral where photosynthesis can occur.

Benthic - Supralittoral. Synonyms: splash zone, spray zone, supratidal zone. The area above the spring high tide line, subject spray or splash.

Pelagic - Littoral. Water mass within littoral zone.

Pelagic - Neritic. Water mass above the continental shelf.

Pelagic - Offshore. Synonym: oceanic. Water mass beyond the continental shelf.

Public domain: Introduction event account

Species Anguillicoloides crassus  
Date of the first record (?) 1987

References (not structured):
Kennedy CR. Fitch DJ. 1990. Colonisation, larval survival and epidemiology of the nematode Anguillicola crassus, parasitic in the eel Anguilla anguilla, in Britain. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 117-131.
Køie M (1988) Parasites in European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) from Danish freshwater, brackish and marine localities. Ophelia 29: 93-118.

Comments:
Generally considered to have been introduced to the east coast of England with contaminated viviere trucks from continental Europe to collect captured eels.
Recipient region (?) Country: United Kingdom (Britain)
LME: 22. North Sea
Source region (?) Ocean: Pacific
--> Ocean region: NW Pacific

References (not structured):
Lefebvre F, Wielgoss S, Nagasawa K, Moravec F (2012) On the origin of Anguillicoloides crassus, the invasive nematode of anguillid eels Aquatic Invasions 7 (4): 443–453

Comments:
While not conclusive it is likely that the species may have originated from Japan.
Pathway / Vector (?) Level of certainty: Highly likely

Pathway: Live food trade
Vector: (Highly likely) Transported water (Live food trade)

References (not structured):
Kennedy CR. Fitch DJ. 1990. Colonisation, larval survival and epidemiology of the nematode Anguillicola crassus, parasitic in the eel Anguilla anguilla, in Britain. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 117-131.
Køie, M., 1991. Swimbladder nematodes (Anguillicola spp.) and gill monogeneans (Pseudodactylogyrus spp.) parasitic on the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 47: 391-398.
Moravec, F., and Skorikova, B., 1998. Amphibians and larvae of aquatic insects as new paratenic hosts of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea), a swimbladder parasite of eels. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34: 217-222.
Belpaire, C., De Charleroy, D., Thomas, K., van Damme, P. and Ollevier, F. 1989. Effects of eel restocking on the distribution of the nematode Anguillicola crassus in Flanders, Belgium. - J. Appl. Ecol. 5: 151-153.

Comments:
Likely to have been introduced in tanks of trucks carrying infected eels Anguilla anguilla in restocking or in movements of such vehicles involved in collecting eels from different fisheries in separate river catchments. It is possible that it may have been spread in ships ballast water with the intermediate stage being carried by copepods which survive in ballast water discharged in estuarine conditions. Is dispersal being carried to different ctachments via paratenic insect hosts is possible.
Habitat type (?) Estuary
Lagoon
Offshore
Open coast
Port vicinity
Sheltered coastal area

References (not structured):
Kirk RS (2003) The impact of Anguillicola crassus on European eels. Fisheries Management and Ecology 10(6): 385-394.

Comments:
While infected eels have not been captured at sea, the silver eel stage captured in estuaries, on its seaward migration, has been found to be infected with adult nematode stages.
Wave exposure (?) Exposed
Semi exposed
Sheltered

References (not structured):
Kirk RS (2003) The impact of Anguillicola crassus on European eels. Fisheries Management and Ecology 10(6): 385-394.

Comments:
While eels migrate to undergo long ocean spawning migrations it is not clear at what depths these migrations take place and as a result the direct level of exposure of the nematodes host is unknown.
Salinity range (?) Venice system:
1. Limnetic [<0.5psu]
2. β-Oligohaline [0.5-3psu]
3. α-Oligohaline [3-5psu]
4. β-Mesohaline [5-10psu]
5. α-Mesohaline [10-18psu]
6. Polymixohaline [18-30psu]
7. Euhaline [30-40psu]

References (not structured):
Kirk RS, Kennedy CR, Lewis JW (2000) Effect of salinity on hatching, survival and infectivity of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) larvae. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 40(3): 211-218.

Comments:
The larval stage can exist in estuarine regions where copepods may injest them. All other stages remain within intermediate, paratenic hosts and freshwater eels. Laboratory studies of nematode larval survival was greatest in freshwater but could survive in normal seawater
Temperature range (?) Min: 2
Max: 30

References (not structured):
Knopf K, Wurtz J, Sures B,Taraschewski H (1998) Impact of low water temperature on the development of Anguillicola crassus in the final host Anguilla anguilla. - Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 143-149.
Thomas K, Olleveir F (1993) Hatching, survival, activity and penetration of second-stage larvae of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda). Parasitology 107(2): 211-217.

Comments:
The temperature ranges are that of the adult eel ranging from shallow freshwater environments to deep-sea cold water. At 4 oC the larvae are unable to penetrate into the host tissues but adult stages can tolerate these temperatures.
Zonation / Substratum (?) Not entered
Reproductive duration (?)Long

References (not structured):
Knopf K, Wurtz J, Sures B, Taraschewski H (1998) Impact of low water temperature on the development of Anguillicola crassus in the final host Anguilla anguilla. - Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 143-149.

Comments:
Temperature related production of larvae is known from laboratory studies with reduced at low temperatures below 4C, prolonged periods of 4 months or more increased adult nematode mortalities. As a result larval production must be seen to take place during late spring into the autumn in northern Europe with a shorter production period in Scotland over England.
Reproductive seasonality (?) Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.

References (not structured):
Knopf K, Wurtz J, Sures B,Taraschewski, H (1998) Impact of low water temperature on the development of Anguillicola crassus in the final host Anguilla anguilla. - Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 143-149.

Comments:
spring to summer and may be extended in warmer years
Migration pattern (?) Life-time
Seasonal

References (not structured):
Aarestrup K, Okland F, Hansen MM, Righton D, Gargan P, Castonguay M, Bernatchez L, Howey P, Sparhof H, Pedersen ML, McKimley RS (2009) Oceanic spawning migration of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) SCience 325(5948): 1660.

Comments:
An involuntary migration takes place with its host with its movements within river catchments and ultimately some will be carried with their hosts ocean migration.
Population status (?) Common (Moderate level of certainty)

References (not structured):
Kennedy CR (2005) Introductions, spread and colonisation of new localities by fish helminth and crustacean parasites in the British Isles: a perspective and appraisal. Journal of Fish Biology 43: 287-301.
Belpaire C, De Charleroy D, Thomas K, van Damme P, Ollevier F (1989) Effects of eel restocking on the distribution of the nematode Anguillicola crassus in Flanders, Belgium. - J. Appl. Ecol. 5: 151-153.
Koops H, Hartmann F (1989) Anguillicola infestations in Germany and in German eel imports. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1: 41-45.
Pilcher MW, Moore JF (1993) Distribution and prevalence of Anguillicola crassus in eels from the tidal Thames catchment. Journal of Fish Biology 43(3): 339-344.
Lyndon AR, Pieters N (2005) First record of the eel swimbladder parasite Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) from Scotland. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 25, 82–85.

Comments:
The nematode is widely distributed and can form significant burdens in its host. With initial prevalence levels of 10 to 50% within a year in northern Europe. In the Thames a prevalence level of up to 32% with intensities of one to five adults neamatodes in the early 1990s. It was not found in Scotland until almost a decade later from three river catchments.
Species status (?) Non-indigenous species

References (not structured):
Kennedy CR (1993) Introductions, spread and colonization of new localities by fish helminth and crustacean parasites in the British Isles: a perspective and appraisal. J Fish Biol 43:287-301
Kennedy CR, Fitch DJ (1990) Colonisation, larval survival and epidemiology of the nematode Anguillicola crassus, parasitic in the eel Anguilla anguilla, in Britain. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 117-131.
Lefebvre F, Wielgoss S, Nagasawa K, Moravec F (2012) On the origin of Anguillicoloides crassus, the invasive nematode of anguillid eels Aquatic Invasions 7 (4): 443–453.
Køie M (1991) Swimbladder nematodes (Anguillicola spp.) and gill monogeneans (Pseudodactylogyrus spp.) parasitic on the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). - J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 47: 391-398.

Comments:
This is clearly a non-native species having most probably with Japanese freshwater eels Anguilla japonica thought to have been introduced from Taiwan to eastern Europe in an aquaculture study in the early 1980s.
Port vicinitiesPort vicinity #1/2: London
Date of the first record: 1990 - 1992
Population status: Common
References:
Belpaire C, De Charleroy D, Thomas K, van Damme P, Ollevier F (1989) Effects of eel restocking on the distribution of the nematode Anguillicola crassus in Flanders, Belgium. - J. Appl. Ecol. 5: 151-153.
Koops, H., & Hartmann, F., 1989. Anguillicola infestations in Germany and in German eel imports. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1: 41-45.
Pilcher MW, Moore JF (1993) Distribution and prevalence of Anguillicola crassus in eels from the tidal Thames catchment. Journal of Fish Biology 43(3): 339-344.
Comments:
A prevalence of up to 32% in its host the freshwater eel has been reported.

Port vicinity #2/2: London
Date of the first record: 1987
Population status: Common		 
Created byDan Minchin 
Last update byElizabeth J. Cook, 2013-11-13

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