Comments: Toxic to fish and shelfish. Associated to fish kills (Gates and Wilson, 1960; Hsia et al. 2006; May et al. 2010)
References: Gates J. and Wilson W. B., 1960. The toxicity of Gonyaulax monilata Howell to Mugil cephalus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 5, 171-174.
Hsia, M. H., Morton, S. L., Smith, L. L., Beauchesne, K. R., Huncik, K. M., Moeller, P. D. R., 2006. Production of goniodomin A by the planktonic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech isolated from the Gulf Coast of the United States. Harmful Algae. 5, 290-299.
May, S. P., Burkholder, J. M., Shumway, S. E., Hégaret, H., Wikfors, G. H., & Frank, D., 2010. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on survival, grazing and behavioral response of three ecologically important bivalve molluscs. Harmful Algae. 9(3), 281-293.