Comments: Impacts on species and habitats, potentially also ecosystem functioning (Gollasch et al. 2015 and references within).
References: Gollasch, S., Kerckhof, F., Craeymeersch, J., Goulletquer, P., Jensen, K., Jelmert, A., and Minchin, D., 2015. Alien Species Alert: Ensis directus. Current status of invasions by the marine bivalve Ensis directus. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 323. 32 pp. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5491
Witbaard, R., Duineveld, G.C.A., Bergman, M.J.N., Witte, H.I.J., Groot, L., and Rozemeijer, M.J.C., 2015. The growth and dynamics of Ensis directus in the near-shore Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea. J. Sea Res. 95, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.09.008