Comments: Can out-compete many native seaweeds within the low intertidal and shallow subtidal zones due to its large size and ability to reproduce quickly via sporic and vegetative reproduction [https://www.cabi.org] Competition - monopolizing resources; Competition - shading; Competition - smothering; Rapid growth.
References: Bailey S.A., Brown L., Campbell M.L., Canning-Clode J., Carlton J.T., Castro N., Chainho P., Chan F.T., Creed J.C., Curd A., Darling J., Fofonoff P., Galil B.S., Hewitt C.L., Inglis G.J., Keith I., Mandrak N.E., Marchini A., McKenzie C.H., Occhipinti-Ambrogi A., Ojaveer H., Pires-Teixeira L.M., Robinson T.B., Ruiz G.M., Seaward K., Schwindt E., O. Son M., Therriault T.W., Zhan A. 2020. Trends in the detection of aquatic non-indigenous species across global marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems: A 50-year perspective. Biodiversity Research. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13167
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109142#tosummaryOfInvasiveness
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Harlin MM, Villalard-Bohnsack M, 2001. Seasonal dynamics and recruitment strategies of the invasive seaweed Grateloupia doryphora (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound, Rhode Island, USA. Phycologia, 40:468-474.
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